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AUTO_INCREMENT

This document introduces the AUTO_INCREMENT column attribute, including its concept, implementation principles, auto-increment related features, and restrictions.

You can also use the AUTO_INCREMENT parameter in the CREATE TABLE statement to specify the initial value of the increment field.

Concept

AUTO_INCREMENT is a column attribute that is used to automatically fill in default column values. When the INSERT statement does not specify values for the AUTO_INCREMENT column, the system automatically assigns values to this column.

For performance reasons, AUTO_INCREMENT numbers are allocated in a batch of values (30 thousand by default) to each TiDB server. This means that while AUTO_INCREMENT numbers are guaranteed to be unique, values assigned to an INSERT statement will only be monotonic on a per TiDB server basis.

The following is a basic example of AUTO_INCREMENT:

CREATE TABLE t(id int PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, c int);

INSERT INTO t(c) VALUES (1);
INSERT INTO t(c) VALUES (2);
INSERT INTO t(c) VALUES (3), (4), (5);

mysql> SELECT * FROM t;
+----+---+
| id | c |
+----+---+
| 1  | 1 |
| 2  | 2 |
| 3  | 3 |
| 4  | 4 |
| 5  | 5 |
+----+---+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

In addition, AUTO_INCREMENT also supports the INSERT statements that explicitly specify column values. In such cases, TiDB stores the explicitly specified values:

INSERT INTO t(id, c) VALUES (6, 6);

mysql> SELECT * FROM t;
+----+---+
| id | c |
+----+---+
| 1  | 1 |
| 2  | 2 |
| 3  | 3 |
| 4  | 4 |
| 5  | 5 |
| 6  | 6 |
+----+---+
6 rows in set (0.01 sec)

The usage above is the same as that of AUTO_INCREMENT in MySQL. However, in terms of the specific value that is implicitly assigned, TiDB differs from MySQL significantly.

Implementation principles

TiDB implements the AUTO_INCREMENT implicit assignment in the following way:

For each auto-increment column, a globally visible key-value pair is used to record the maximum ID that has been assigned. In a distributed environment, communication between nodes has some overhead. Therefore, to avoid the issue of write amplification, each TiDB node applies for a batch of consecutive IDs as caches when assigning IDs, and then applies for the next batch of IDs after the first batch is assigned. Therefore, TiDB nodes do not apply to the storage node for IDs when assigning IDs each time. For example:

CREATE TABLE t(id int UNIQUE KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, c int);

Assume two TiDB instances, A and B, in the cluster. If you execute an INSERT statement on the t table on A and B respectively:

INSERT INTO t (c) VALUES (1)

Instance A might cache the auto-increment IDs of [1,30000], and instance B might cache the auto-increment IDs of [30001,60000]. In INSERT statements to be executed, these cached IDs of each instance will be assigned to the AUTO_INCREMENT column as the default values.

Basic Features

Uniqueness

In the example above, perform the following operations in order:

  1. The client inserts a statement INSERT INTO t VALUES (2, 1) to instance B, which sets id to 2. The statement is successfully executed.

  2. The client sends a statement INSERT INTO t (c) (1) to instance A. This statement does not specify the value of id, so the ID is assigned by A. At present, because A caches the IDs of [1, 30000], it might assign 2 as the value of the auto-increment ID, and increases the local counter by 1. At this time, the data whose ID is 2 already exists in the database, so the Duplicated Error error is returned.

Monotonicity

TiDB guarantees that AUTO_INCREMENT values are monotonic (always increasing) on a per-server basis. Consider the following example where consecutive AUTO_INCREMENT values of 1-3 are generated:

CREATE TABLE t (a int PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, b timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW());
INSERT INTO t (a) VALUES (NULL), (NULL), (NULL);
SELECT * FROM t;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.11 sec)

Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

+---+---------------------+
| a | b                   |
+---+---------------------+
| 1 | 2020-09-09 20:38:22 |
| 2 | 2020-09-09 20:38:22 |
| 3 | 2020-09-09 20:38:22 |
+---+---------------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Monotonicity is not the same guarantee as consecutive. Consider the following example:

CREATE TABLE t (id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY auto_increment, a VARCHAR(10), cnt INT NOT NULL DEFAULT 1, UNIQUE KEY (a));
INSERT INTO t (a) VALUES ('A'), ('B');
SELECT * FROM t;
INSERT INTO t (a) VALUES ('A'), ('C') ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE cnt = cnt + 1;
SELECT * FROM t;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

+----+------+-----+
| id | a    | cnt |
+----+------+-----+
|  1 | A    |   1 |
|  2 | B    |   1 |
+----+------+-----+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 1  Warnings: 0

+----+------+-----+
| id | a    | cnt |
+----+------+-----+
|  1 | A    |   2 |
|  2 | B    |   1 |
|  4 | C    |   1 |
+----+------+-----+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

In this example, the AUTO_INCREMENT value of 3 is allocated for the INSERT of the key A in INSERT INTO t (a) VALUES ('A'), ('C') ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE cnt = cnt + 1; but never used because this INSERT statement contains a duplicate key A. This leads to a gap where the sequence is non-consecutive. This behavior is considered legal, even though it differs from MySQL. MySQL will also have gaps in the sequence in other scenarios such as transactions being aborted and rolled back.

AUTO_ID_CACHE

The AUTO_INCREMENT sequence might appear to jump dramatically if an INSERT operation is performed against a different TiDB server. This is caused by the fact that each server has its own cache of AUTO_INCREMENT values:

CREATE TABLE t (a int PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, b timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW());
INSERT INTO t (a) VALUES (NULL), (NULL), (NULL);
INSERT INTO t (a) VALUES (NULL);
SELECT * FROM t;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

+---------+---------------------+
| a       | b                   |
+---------+---------------------+
|       1 | 2020-09-09 20:38:22 |
|       2 | 2020-09-09 20:38:22 |
|       3 | 2020-09-09 20:38:22 |
| 2000001 | 2020-09-09 20:43:43 |
+---------+---------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

A new INSERT operation against the initial TiDB server generates the AUTO_INCREMENT value of 4. This is because the initial TiDB server still has space left in the AUTO_INCREMENT cache for allocation. In this case, the sequence of values cannot be considered globally monotonic, because the value of 4 is inserted after the value of 2000001:

mysql> INSERT INTO t (a) VALUES (NULL);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY b;
+---------+---------------------+
| a       | b                   |
+---------+---------------------+
|       1 | 2020-09-09 20:38:22 |
|       2 | 2020-09-09 20:38:22 |
|       3 | 2020-09-09 20:38:22 |
| 2000001 | 2020-09-09 20:43:43 |
|       4 | 2020-09-09 20:44:43 |
+---------+---------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

The AUTO_INCREMENT cache does not persist across TiDB server restarts. The following INSERT statement is performed after the initial TiDB server is restarted:

mysql> INSERT INTO t (a) VALUES (NULL);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY b;
+---------+---------------------+
| a       | b                   |
+---------+---------------------+
|       1 | 2020-09-09 20:38:22 |
|       2 | 2020-09-09 20:38:22 |
|       3 | 2020-09-09 20:38:22 |
| 2000001 | 2020-09-09 20:43:43 |
|       4 | 2020-09-09 20:44:43 |
| 2030001 | 2020-09-09 20:54:11 |
+---------+---------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

A high rate of TiDB server restarts might contribute to the exhaustion of AUTO_INCREMENT values. In the above example, the initial TiDB server still has values [5-30000] free in its cache. These values are lost, and will not be reallocated.

It is not recommended to rely onAUTO_INCREMENT values being continuous. Consider the following example, where a TiDB server has a cache of values [2000001-2030000]. By manually inserting the value 2029998, you can see the behavior as a new cache range is retrieved:

mysql> INSERT INTO t (a) VALUES (2029998);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> INSERT INTO t (a) VALUES (NULL);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> INSERT INTO t (a) VALUES (NULL);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> INSERT INTO t (a) VALUES (NULL);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> INSERT INTO t (a) VALUES (NULL);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM t ORDER BY b;
+---------+---------------------+
| a       | b                   |
+---------+---------------------+
|       1 | 2020-09-09 20:38:22 |
|       2 | 2020-09-09 20:38:22 |
|       3 | 2020-09-09 20:38:22 |
| 2000001 | 2020-09-09 20:43:43 |
|       4 | 2020-09-09 20:44:43 |
| 2030001 | 2020-09-09 20:54:11 |
| 2029998 | 2020-09-09 21:08:11 |
| 2029999 | 2020-09-09 21:08:11 |
| 2030000 | 2020-09-09 21:08:11 |
| 2060001 | 2020-09-09 21:08:11 |
| 2060002 | 2020-09-09 21:08:11 |
+---------+---------------------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)

After the value 2030000 is inserted, the next value is 2060001. This jump in sequence is due to another TiDB server obtaining the intermediate cache range of [2030001-2060000]. When multiple TiDB servers are deployed, there will be gaps in the AUTO_INCREMENT sequence because cache requests are interleaved.

Cache size control

In earlier versions of TiDB, the cache size of the auto-increment ID was transparent to users. Starting from v3.0.14, v3.1.2, and v4.0.rc-2, TiDB has introduced the AUTO_ID_CACHE table option to allow users to set the cache size for allocating the auto-increment ID.

CREATE TABLE t(a int AUTO_INCREMENT key) AUTO_ID_CACHE 100;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

INSERT INTO t values();
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

SELECT * FROM t;
+---+
| a |
+---+
| 1 |
+---+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

SHOW CREATE TABLE t;
+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |
+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| t     | CREATE TABLE `t` (
  `a` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  PRIMARY KEY (`a`) /*T![clustered_index] CLUSTERED */
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_bin AUTO_INCREMENT=101 /*T![auto_id_cache] AUTO_ID_CACHE=100 */ |
+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

At this time, if you restart TiDB, the auto-increment ID cache will be lost, and new insert operations will allocate IDs starting from a higher value beyond the previously cached range.

INSERT INTO t VALUES();
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

SELECT * FROM t;
+-----+
| a   |
+-----+
|   1 |
| 101 |
+-----+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

The newly allocated value is 101. This shows that the size of cache for allocating auto-increment IDs is 100.

In addition, when the length of consecutive IDs in a batch INSERT statement exceeds the length of AUTO_ID_CACHE, TiDB increases the cache size accordingly to ensure that the statement can insert data properly.

Clear the auto-increment ID cache

In some scenarios, you might need to clear the auto-increment ID cache to ensure data consistency. For example:

  • In the scenario of incremental replication using Data Migration (DM), once the replication is complete, data writing to the downstream TiDB switches from DM to your application's write operations. Meanwhile, the ID writing mode of the auto-increment column usually switches from explicit insertion to implicit allocation.
  • When your application involves both explicit ID insertion and implicit ID allocation, you need to clear the auto-increment ID cache to avoid conflicts between future implicitly allocated IDs and previously explicitly inserted IDs, which could result in primary key conflict errors. For more information, see Uniqueness.

To clear the auto-increment ID cache on all TiDB nodes in the cluster, you can execute the ALTER TABLE statement with AUTO_INCREMENT = 0. For example:

CREATE TABLE t(a int AUTO_INCREMENT key) AUTO_ID_CACHE 100;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

INSERT INTO t VALUES();
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

INSERT INTO t VALUES(50);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

SELECT * FROM t;
+----+
| a  |
+----+
|  1 |
| 50 |
+----+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

ALTER TABLE t AUTO_INCREMENT = 0;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.07 sec)

SHOW WARNINGS;
+---------+------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Level   | Code | Message                                                                 |
+---------+------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Warning | 1105 | Can't reset AUTO_INCREMENT to 0 without FORCE option, using 101 instead |
+---------+------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

INSERT INTO t VALUES();
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

SELECT * FROM t;
+-----+
| a   |
+-----+
|   1 |
|  50 |
| 101 |
+-----+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

Auto-increment step size and offset

Starting from v3.0.9 and v4.0.0-rc.1, similar to the behavior of MySQL, the value implicitly assigned to the auto-increment column is controlled by the @@auto_increment_increment and @@auto_increment_offset session variables.

The value (ID) implicitly assigned to auto-increment columns satisfies the following equation:

(ID - auto_increment_offset) % auto_increment_increment == 0

MySQL compatibility mode

TiDB v6.4.0 introduces a centralized auto-increment ID allocating service. In each request, an auto-increment ID is allocated from this service instead of caching data in TiDB instances.

Currently, the centralized allocating service is in the TiDB process and works like DDL Owner. One TiDB instance allocates IDs as the primary node and other TiDB instances work as secondary nodes. To ensure high availability, when the primary instance fails, TiDB starts automatic failover.

To use the MySQL compatibility mode, you can set AUTO_ID_CACHE to 1 when creating a table:

CREATE TABLE t(a int AUTO_INCREMENT key) AUTO_ID_CACHE 1;

After you enable the MySQL compatibility mode, the allocated IDs are unique and monotonically increasing, and the behavior is almost the same as MySQL. Even if you access across TiDB instances, the IDs will keep monotonic. Only when the primary instance of the centralized service crashes, there might be a few IDs that are not continuous. This is because the secondary instance discards some IDs that are supposed to have been allocated by the primary instance during the failover to ensure ID uniqueness.

Restrictions

Currently, AUTO_INCREMENT has the following restrictions when used in TiDB:

  • For TiDB v6.6.0 and earlier versions, the defined column must be either primary key or index prefixes.
  • It must be defined on the column of INTEGER, FLOAT, or DOUBLE type.
  • It cannot be specified on the same column with the DEFAULT column value.
  • ALTER TABLE cannot be used to add or modify columns with the AUTO_INCREMENT attribute, including using ALTER TABLE ... MODIFY/CHANGE COLUMN to add the AUTO_INCREMENT attribute to an existing column, or using ALTER TABLE ... ADD COLUMN to add a column with the AUTO_INCREMENT attribute.
  • ALTER TABLE can be used to remove the AUTO_INCREMENT attribute. However, starting from v2.1.18 and v3.0.4, TiDB uses the session variable @@tidb_allow_remove_auto_inc to control whether ALTER TABLE MODIFY or ALTER TABLE CHANGE can be used to remove the AUTO_INCREMENT attribute of a column. By default, you cannot use ALTER TABLE MODIFY or ALTER TABLE CHANGE to remove the AUTO_INCREMENT attribute.
  • ALTER TABLE requires the FORCE option to set the AUTO_INCREMENT value to a smaller value.
  • Setting the AUTO_INCREMENT to a value smaller than MAX(<auto_increment_column>) leads to duplicate keys because pre-existing values are not skipped.

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