使用 EXPLAIN 解读执行计划

SQL 是一种声明性语言,因此用户无法根据 SQL 语句直接判断一条查询的执行是否有效率。用户首先要使用 EXPLAIN 语句查看当前的执行计划。

bikeshare 数据库示例(英文) 中的一个 SQL 语句为例,该语句统计了 2017 年 7 月 1 日的行程次数:

EXPLAIN SELECT count(*) FROM trips WHERE start_date BETWEEN '2017-07-01 00:00:00' AND '2017-07-01 23:59:59';
+------------------------------+----------+-----------+---------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | id | estRows | task | access object | operator info | +------------------------------+----------+-----------+---------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | StreamAgg_20 | 1.00 | root | | funcs:count(Column#13)->Column#11 | | └─TableReader_21 | 1.00 | root | | data:StreamAgg_9 | | └─StreamAgg_9 | 1.00 | cop[tikv] | | funcs:count(1)->Column#13 | | └─Selection_19 | 250.00 | cop[tikv] | | ge(bikeshare.trips.start_date, 2017-07-01 00:00:00.000000), le(bikeshare.trips.start_date, 2017-07-01 23:59:59.000000) | | └─TableFullScan_18 | 10000.00 | cop[tikv] | table:trips | keep order:false, stats:pseudo | +------------------------------+----------+-----------+---------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

以上是该查询的执行计划结果。从 └─TableFullScan_18 算子开始向上看,查询的执行过程如下(非最佳执行计划):

  1. Coprocessor (TiKV) 读取整张 trips 表的数据,作为一次 TableFullScan 操作,再将读取到的数据传递给 Selection_19 算子。Selection_19 算子仍在 TiKV 内。

  2. Selection_19 算子根据谓词 WHERE start_date BETWEEN .. 进行数据过滤。预计大约有 250 行数据满足该过滤条件(基于统计信息以及算子的执行逻辑估算而来)。└─TableFullScan_18 算子显示 stats:pseudo,表示该表没有实际统计信息,执行 ANALYZE TABLE trips 收集统计信息后,预计的估算的数字会更加准确。

  3. COUNT 函数随后应用于满足过滤条件的行,这一过程也是在 TiKV (cop[tikv]) 中的 StreamAgg_9 算子内完成的。TiKV coprocessor 能执行一些 MySQL 内置函数,COUNT 是其中之一。

  4. StreamAgg_9 算子执行的结果会被传递给 TableReader_21 算子(位于 TiDB 进程中,即 root 任务)。执行计划中,TableReader_21 算子的 estRows1,表示该算子将从每个访问的 TiKV Region 接收一行数据。这一请求过程的详情,可参阅 EXPLAIN ANALYZE

  5. StreamAgg_20 算子随后对 └─TableReader_21 算子传来的每行数据计算 COUNT 函数的结果。StreamAgg_20 是根算子,会将结果返回给客户端。

评估当前的性能

EXPLAIN 语句只返回查询的执行计划,并不执行该查询。若要获取实际的执行时间,可执行该查询,或使用 EXPLAIN ANALYZE 语句:

EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT count(*) FROM trips WHERE start_date BETWEEN '2017-07-01 00:00:00' AND '2017-07-01 23:59:59';
+------------------------------+----------+----------+-----------+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+------+ | id | estRows | actRows | task | access object | execution info | operator info | memory | disk | +------------------------------+----------+----------+-----------+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+------+ | StreamAgg_20 | 1.00 | 1 | root | | time:1.031417203s, loops:2 | funcs:count(Column#13)->Column#11 | 632 Bytes | N/A | | └─TableReader_21 | 1.00 | 56 | root | | time:1.031408123s, loops:2, cop_task: {num: 56, max: 782.147269ms, min: 5.759953ms, avg: 252.005927ms, p95: 609.294603ms, max_proc_keys: 910371, p95_proc_keys: 704775, tot_proc: 11.524s, tot_wait: 580ms, rpc_num: 56, rpc_time: 14.111932641s} | data:StreamAgg_9 | 328 Bytes | N/A | | └─StreamAgg_9 | 1.00 | 56 | cop[tikv] | | proc max:640ms, min:8ms, p80:276ms, p95:480ms, iters:18695, tasks:56 | funcs:count(1)->Column#13 | N/A | N/A | | └─Selection_19 | 250.00 | 11409 | cop[tikv] | | proc max:640ms, min:8ms, p80:276ms, p95:476ms, iters:18695, tasks:56 | ge(bikeshare.trips.start_date, 2017-07-01 00:00:00.000000), le(bikeshare.trips.start_date, 2017-07-01 23:59:59.000000) | N/A | N/A | | └─TableFullScan_18 | 10000.00 | 19117643 | cop[tikv] | table:trips | proc max:612ms, min:8ms, p80:248ms, p95:460ms, iters:18695, tasks:56 | keep order:false, stats:pseudo | N/A | N/A | +------------------------------+----------+----------+-----------+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+------+ 5 rows in set (1.03 sec)

执行以上示例查询耗时 1.03 秒,说明执行性能较为理想。

以上 EXPLAIN ANALYZE 的结果中,actRows 表明一些 estRows 预估数不准确(预估返回 10000 行数据但实际返回 19117643 行)。└─TableFullScan_18 算子的 operator info 列 (stats:pseudo) 信息也表明该算子的预估数不准确。

如果先执行 ANALYZE TABLE 再执行 EXPLAIN ANALYZE,预估数与实际数会更接近:

ANALYZE TABLE trips; EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT count(*) FROM trips WHERE start_date BETWEEN '2017-07-01 00:00:00' AND '2017-07-01 23:59:59';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (10.22 sec) +------------------------------+-------------+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+------+ | id | estRows | actRows | task | access object | execution info | operator info | memory | disk | +------------------------------+-------------+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+------+ | StreamAgg_20 | 1.00 | 1 | root | | time:926.393612ms, loops:2 | funcs:count(Column#13)->Column#11 | 632 Bytes | N/A | | └─TableReader_21 | 1.00 | 56 | root | | time:926.384792ms, loops:2, cop_task: {num: 56, max: 850.94424ms, min: 6.042079ms, avg: 234.987725ms, p95: 495.474806ms, max_proc_keys: 910371, p95_proc_keys: 704775, tot_proc: 10.656s, tot_wait: 904ms, rpc_num: 56, rpc_time: 13.158911952s} | data:StreamAgg_9 | 328 Bytes | N/A | | └─StreamAgg_9 | 1.00 | 56 | cop[tikv] | | proc max:592ms, min:4ms, p80:244ms, p95:480ms, iters:18695, tasks:56 | funcs:count(1)->Column#13 | N/A | N/A | | └─Selection_19 | 432.89 | 11409 | cop[tikv] | | proc max:592ms, min:4ms, p80:244ms, p95:480ms, iters:18695, tasks:56 | ge(bikeshare.trips.start_date, 2017-07-01 00:00:00.000000), le(bikeshare.trips.start_date, 2017-07-01 23:59:59.000000) | N/A | N/A | | └─TableFullScan_18 | 19117643.00 | 19117643 | cop[tikv] | table:trips | proc max:564ms, min:4ms, p80:228ms, p95:456ms, iters:18695, tasks:56 | keep order:false | N/A | N/A | +------------------------------+-------------+----------+-----------+---------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+------+ 5 rows in set (0.93 sec)

执行 ANALYZE TABLE 后,可以看到 └─TableFullScan_18 算子的预估行数是准确的,└─Selection_19 算子的预估行数也更接近实际行数。以上两个示例中的执行计划(即 TiDB 执行查询所使用的一组算子)未改变,但过时的统计信息常常导致 TiDB 选择到非最优的执行计划。

ANALYZE TABLE 外,达到 tidb_auto_analyze_ratio 阈值后,TiDB 会自动在后台重新生成统计数据。若要查看 TiDB 有多接近该阈值(即 TiDB 判断统计数据有多健康),可执行 SHOW STATS_HEALTHY 语句。

SHOW STATS_HEALTHY;
+-----------+------------+----------------+---------+ | Db_name | Table_name | Partition_name | Healthy | +-----------+------------+----------------+---------+ | bikeshare | trips | | 100 | +-----------+------------+----------------+---------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)

确定优化方案

当前执行计划是有效率的:

  • 大部分任务是在 TiKV 内处理的,需要通过网络传输给 TiDB 处理的仅有 56 行数据,每行都满足过滤条件,而且都很短。

  • 在 TiDB (StreamAgg_20) 中和在 TiKV (└─StreamAgg_9) 中汇总行数都使用了 Stream Aggregate,该算法在内存使用方面很有效率。

当前执行计划存在的最大问题在于谓词 start_date BETWEEN '2017-07-01 00:00:00' AND '2017-07-01 23:59:59' 并未立即生效,先是 TableFullScan 算子读取所有行数据,然后才进行过滤选择。可以在 SHOW CREATE TABLE trips 的返回结果中找出问题原因:

SHOW CREATE TABLE trips\G
*************************** 1. row *************************** Table: trips Create Table: CREATE TABLE `trips` ( `trip_id` bigint(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `duration` int(11) NOT NULL, `start_date` datetime DEFAULT NULL, `end_date` datetime DEFAULT NULL, `start_station_number` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, `start_station` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL, `end_station_number` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, `end_station` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL, `bike_number` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL, `member_type` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`trip_id`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_bin AUTO_INCREMENT=20477318 1 row in set (0.00 sec)

以上返回结果显示,start_date没有索引。要将该谓词下推到 index reader 算子,还需要一个索引。添加索引如下:

ALTER TABLE trips ADD INDEX (start_date);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (2 min 10.23 sec)

添加索引后,可以使用 EXPLAIN 重复该查询。在以下返回结果中,可见 TiDB 选择了新的执行计划,而且不再使用 TableFullScanSelection 算子。

EXPLAIN SELECT count(*) FROM trips WHERE start_date BETWEEN '2017-07-01 00:00:00' AND '2017-07-01 23:59:59';
+-----------------------------+---------+-----------+-------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+ | id | estRows | task | access object | operator info | +-----------------------------+---------+-----------+-------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+ | StreamAgg_17 | 1.00 | root | | funcs:count(Column#13)->Column#11 | | └─IndexReader_18 | 1.00 | root | | index:StreamAgg_9 | | └─StreamAgg_9 | 1.00 | cop[tikv] | | funcs:count(1)->Column#13 | | └─IndexRangeScan_16 | 8471.88 | cop[tikv] | table:trips, index:start_date(start_date) | range:[2017-07-01 00:00:00,2017-07-01 23:59:59], keep order:false | +-----------------------------+---------+-----------+-------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

若要比较实际的执行时间,可再次使用 EXPLAIN ANALYZE 语句:

EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT count(*) FROM trips WHERE start_date BETWEEN '2017-07-01 00:00:00' AND '2017-07-01 23:59:59';
+-----------------------------+---------+---------+-----------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+------+ | id | estRows | actRows | task | access object | execution info | operator info | memory | disk | +-----------------------------+---------+---------+-----------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+------+ | StreamAgg_17 | 1.00 | 1 | root | | time:4.516728ms, loops:2 | funcs:count(Column#13)->Column#11 | 372 Bytes | N/A | | └─IndexReader_18 | 1.00 | 1 | root | | time:4.514278ms, loops:2, cop_task: {num: 1, max:4.462288ms, proc_keys: 11409, rpc_num: 1, rpc_time: 4.457148ms} | index:StreamAgg_9 | 238 Bytes | N/A | | └─StreamAgg_9 | 1.00 | 1 | cop[tikv] | | time:4ms, loops:12 | funcs:count(1)->Column#13 | N/A | N/A | | └─IndexRangeScan_16 | 8471.88 | 11409 | cop[tikv] | table:trips, index:start_date(start_date) | time:4ms, loops:12 | range:[2017-07-01 00:00:00,2017-07-01 23:59:59], keep order:false | N/A | N/A | +-----------------------------+---------+---------+-----------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

从以上结果可看出,查询时间已从 1.03 秒减少到 0.0 秒。

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