Connect to TiDB with Sequelize

TiDB is a MySQL-compatible database, and Sequelize is a popular ORM framework for Node.js.

In this tutorial, you can learn how to use TiDB and Sequelize to accomplish the following tasks:

• Set up your environment.
• Connect to your TiDB cluster using Sequelize.
• Build and run your application. Optionally, you can find sample code snippets for basic CRUD operations.

Prerequisites

To complete this tutorial, you need:

• Node.js 18 or later.
• Git.
• A TiDB cluster.

If you don't have a TiDB cluster, you can create one as follows:

• (Recommended) Follow Creating a TiDB Cloud Serverless cluster to create your own TiDB Cloud cluster.
• Follow Deploy a local test TiDB cluster or Deploy a production TiDB cluster to create a local cluster.

Run the sample app to connect to TiDB

This section demonstrates how to run the sample application code and connect to TiDB.

Step 1: Clone the sample app repository

Run the following commands in your terminal window to clone the sample code repository:

git clone git@github.com:tidb-samples/tidb-nodejs-sequelize-quickstart.git
cd tidb-nodejs-sequelize-quickstart

Step 2: Install dependencies

Run the following command to install the required packages (including sequelize) for the sample app:

npm install

Step 3: Configure connection information

Connect to your TiDB cluster depending on the TiDB deployment option you've selected.

• TiDB Cloud Serverless
• TiDB Cloud Dedicated
• TiDB Self-Managed

Step 4: Run the sample app

Run the following command to execute the sample code:

npm start

INFO (app/10117): Getting sequelize instance...
Executing (default): SELECT 1+1 AS result
Executing (default): DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `players`;
Executing (default): CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `players` (`id` INTEGER NOT NULL auto_increment  COMMENT 'The unique ID of the player.', `coins` INTEGER NOT NULL COMMENT 'The number of coins that the player had.', `goods` INTEGER NOT NULL COMMENT 'The number of goods that the player had.', `createdAt` DATETIME NOT NULL, `updatedAt` DATETIME NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`)) ENGINE=InnoDB;
Executing (default): SHOW INDEX FROM `players`
Executing (default): INSERT INTO `players` (`id`,`coins`,`goods`,`createdAt`,`updatedAt`) VALUES (1,100,100,'2023-08-31 09:10:11','2023-08-31 09:10:11'),(2,200,200,'2023-08-31 09:10:11','2023-08-31 09:10:11'),(3,300,300,'2023-08-31 09:10:11','2023-08-31 09:10:11'),(4,400,400,'2023-08-31 09:10:11','2023-08-31 09:10:11'),(5,500,500,'2023-08-31 09:10:11','2023-08-31 09:10:11');
Executing (default): SELECT `id`, `coins`, `goods`, `createdAt`, `updatedAt` FROM `players` AS `players` WHERE `players`.`coins` > 300;
Executing (default): UPDATE `players` SET `coins`=?,`goods`=?,`updatedAt`=? WHERE `id` = ?
Executing (default): DELETE FROM `players` WHERE `id` = 6

Sample code snippets

You can refer to the following sample code snippets to complete your own application development.

For complete sample code and how to run it, check out the tidb-samples/tidb-nodejs-sequelize-quickstart repository.

Connect to TiDB

The following code establish a connection to TiDB with options defined in the environment variables:

// src/lib/tidb.ts
import { Sequelize } from 'sequelize';

export function initSequelize() {
  return new Sequelize({
    dialect: 'mysql',
    host: process.env.TIDB_HOST || 'localhost',     // TiDB host, for example: {gateway-region}.aws.tidbcloud.com
    port: Number(process.env.TIDB_PORT) || 4000,    // TiDB port, default: 4000
    username: process.env.TIDB_USER || 'root',      // TiDB user, for example: {prefix}.root
    password: process.env.TIDB_PASSWORD || 'root',  // TiDB password
    database: process.env.TIDB_DB_NAME || 'test',   // TiDB database name, default: test
    dialectOptions: {
      ssl:
        process.env?.TIDB_ENABLE_SSL === 'true'     // (Optional) Enable SSL
          ? {
              minVersion: 'TLSv1.2',
              rejectUnauthorized: true,
              ca: process.env.TIDB_CA_PATH          // (Optional) Path to the custom CA certificate
                ? readFileSync(process.env.TIDB_CA_PATH)
                : undefined,
            }
          : null,
    },
}

export async function getSequelize() {
  if (!sequelize) {
    sequelize = initSequelize();
    try {
      await sequelize.authenticate();
      logger.info('Connection has been established successfully.');
    } catch (error) {
      logger.error('Unable to connect to the database:');
      logger.error(error);
      throw error;
    }
  }
  return sequelize;
}

Insert data

The following query creates a single Players record and returns a Players object:

logger.info('Creating a new player...');
const newPlayer = await playersModel.create({
  id: 6,
  coins: 600,
  goods: 600,
});
logger.info('Created a new player.');
logger.info(newPlayer.toJSON());

For more information, refer to Insert data.

Query data

The following query returns a single Players record those coins are greater than 300:

logger.info('Reading all players with coins > 300...');
const allPlayersWithCoinsGreaterThan300 = await playersModel.findAll({
  where: {
    coins: {
      [Op.gt]: 300,
    },
  },
});
logger.info('Read all players with coins > 300.');
logger.info(allPlayersWithCoinsGreaterThan300.map((p) => p.toJSON()));

For more information, refer to Query data.

Update data

The following query set 700 coins and 700 goods to the Players with ID 6 that was created in the Insert data section:

logger.info('Updating the new player...');
await newPlayer.update({ coins: 700, goods: 700 });
logger.info('Updated the new player.');
logger.info(newPlayer.toJSON());

For more information, refer to Update data.

Delete data

The following query deletes the Player record with ID 6 that was created in the Insert data section:

logger.info('Deleting the new player...');
await newPlayer.destroy();
const deletedNewPlayer = await playersModel.findByPk(6);
logger.info('Deleted the new player.');
logger.info(deletedNewPlayer?.toJSON());

For more information, refer to Delete data.

Next steps

• Learn more usage of the ORM framework Sequelize driver from the documentation of Sequelize.
• Learn the best practices for TiDB application development with the chapters in the Developer guide, such as Insert data, Update data, Delete data, Single table reading, Transactions, and SQL performance optimization.
• Learn through the professional TiDB developer courses and earn TiDB certifications after passing the exam.

Need help?

Ask questions on TiDB Community, or create a support ticket.