Connect to TiDB with mysql2 in AWS Lambda Function
TiDB is a MySQL-compatible database, AWS Lambda Function is a compute service, and mysql2 is a popular open-source driver for Node.js.
In this tutorial, you can learn how to use TiDB and mysql2 in AWS Lambda Function to accomplish the following tasks:
- Set up your environment.
- Connect to your TiDB cluster using mysql2.
- Build and run your application. Optionally, you can find sample code snippets for basic CRUD operations.
- Deploy your AWS Lambda Function.
Prerequisites
To complete this tutorial, you need:
- Node.js 18 or later.
- Git.
- A TiDB cluster.
- An AWS user with administrator permissions.
- AWS CLI
- AWS SAM CLI
If you don't have a TiDB cluster, you can create one as follows:
- (Recommended) Follow Creating a TiDB Cloud Serverless cluster to create your own TiDB Cloud cluster.
- Follow Deploy a local test TiDB cluster or Deploy a production TiDB cluster to create a local cluster.
If you don't have an AWS account or a user, you can create them by following the steps in the Getting Started with Lambda guide.
Run the sample app to connect to TiDB
This section demonstrates how to run the sample application code and connect to TiDB.
Step 1: Clone the sample app repository
Run the following commands in your terminal window to clone the sample code repository:
git clone git@github.com:tidb-samples/tidb-aws-lambda-quickstart.git
cd tidb-aws-lambda-quickstart
Step 2: Install dependencies
Run the following command to install the required packages (including mysql2
) for the sample app:
npm install
Step 3: Configure connection information
Connect to your TiDB cluster depending on the TiDB deployment option you've selected.
- TiDB Cloud Serverless
- TiDB Self-Managed
Navigate to the Clusters page, and then click the name of your target cluster to go to its overview page.
Click Connect in the upper right corner. A connection dialog is displayed.
Ensure the configurations in the connection dialog match your operating environment.
- Connection Type is set to
Public
- Branch is set to
main
- Connect With is set to
General
- Operating System matches your environment.
- Connection Type is set to
Click Generate Password to create a random password.
Copy and paste the corresponding connection string into
env.json
. The following is an example:{ "Parameters": { "TIDB_HOST": "{gateway-region}.aws.tidbcloud.com", "TIDB_PORT": "4000", "TIDB_USER": "{prefix}.root", "TIDB_PASSWORD": "{password}" } }Replace the placeholders in
{}
with the values obtained in the connection dialog.
Copy and paste the corresponding connection string into env.json
. The following is an example:
{
"Parameters": {
"TIDB_HOST": "{tidb_server_host}",
"TIDB_PORT": "4000",
"TIDB_USER": "root",
"TIDB_PASSWORD": "{password}"
}
}
Replace the placeholders in {}
with the values obtained in the Connect window.
Step 4: Run the code and check the result
(Prerequisite) Install the AWS SAM CLI.
Build the bundle:
npm run buildInvoke the sample Lambda function:
sam local invoke --env-vars env.json -e events/event.json "tidbHelloWorldFunction"Check the output in the terminal. If the output is similar to the following, the connection is successful:
{"statusCode":200,"body":"{\"results\":[{\"Hello World\":\"Hello World\"}]}"}
After you confirm that the connection is successful, you can follow the next section to deploy the AWS Lambda Function.
Deploy the AWS Lambda Function
You can deploy the AWS Lambda Function using either the SAM CLI or the AWS Lambda console.
SAM CLI deployment (Recommended)
(Prerequisite) Install the AWS SAM CLI.
Build the bundle:
npm run buildUpdate the environment variables in
template.yml
:Environment: Variables: TIDB_HOST: {tidb_server_host} TIDB_PORT: 4000 TIDB_USER: {prefix}.root TIDB_PASSWORD: {password}Set AWS environment variables (refer to Short-term credentials):
export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID={your_access_key_id} export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY={your_secret_access_key} export AWS_SESSION_TOKEN={your_session_token}Deploy the AWS Lambda Function:
sam deploy --guided # Example: # Configuring SAM deploy # ====================== # Looking for config file [samconfig.toml] : Not found # Setting default arguments for 'sam deploy' # ========================================= # Stack Name [sam-app]: tidb-aws-lambda-quickstart # AWS Region [us-east-1]: # #Shows you resources changes to be deployed and require a 'Y' to initiate deploy # Confirm changes before deploy [y/N]: # #SAM needs permission to be able to create roles to connect to the resources in your template # Allow SAM CLI IAM role creation [Y/n]: # #Preserves the state of previously provisioned resources when an operation fails # Disable rollback [y/N]: # tidbHelloWorldFunction may not have authorization defined, Is this okay? [y/N]: y # tidbHelloWorldFunction may not have authorization defined, Is this okay? [y/N]: y # tidbHelloWorldFunction may not have authorization defined, Is this okay? [y/N]: y # tidbHelloWorldFunction may not have authorization defined, Is this okay? [y/N]: y # Save arguments to configuration file [Y/n]: # SAM configuration file [samconfig.toml]: # SAM configuration environment [default]: # Looking for resources needed for deployment: # Creating the required resources... # Successfully created!
Web console deployment
Build the bundle:
npm run build # Bundle for AWS Lambda # ===================== # dist/index.zipVisit the AWS Lambda console.
Follow the steps in Creating a Lambda function to create a Node.js Lambda function.
Follow the steps in Lambda deployment packages and upload the
dist/index.zip
file.Copy and configure the corresponding connection string in Lambda Function.
- In the Functions page of the Lambda console, select the Configuration tab, and then choose Environment variables.
- Choose Edit.
- To add your database access credentials, do the following:
- Choose Add environment variable, then for Key enter
TIDB_HOST
and for Value enter the host name. - Choose Add environment variable, then for Key enter
TIDB_PORT
and for Value enter the port (4000 is default). - Choose Add environment variable, then for Key enter
TIDB_USER
and for Value enter the user name. - Choose Add environment variable, then for Key enter
TIDB_PASSWORD
and for Value enter the password you chose when you created your database. - Choose Save.
- Choose Add environment variable, then for Key enter
Sample code snippets
You can refer to the following sample code snippets to complete your own application development.
For complete sample code and how to run it, check out the tidb-samples/tidb-aws-lambda-quickstart repository.
Connect to TiDB
The following code establish a connection to TiDB with options defined in the environment variables:
// lib/tidb.ts
import mysql from 'mysql2';
let pool: mysql.Pool | null = null;
function connect() {
return mysql.createPool({
host: process.env.TIDB_HOST, // TiDB host, for example: {gateway-region}.aws.tidbcloud.com
port: process.env.TIDB_PORT ? Number(process.env.TIDB_PORT) : 4000, // TiDB port, default: 4000
user: process.env.TIDB_USER, // TiDB user, for example: {prefix}.root
password: process.env.TIDB_PASSWORD, // TiDB password
database: process.env.TIDB_DATABASE || 'test', // TiDB database name, default: test
ssl: {
minVersion: 'TLSv1.2',
rejectUnauthorized: true,
},
connectionLimit: 1, // Setting connectionLimit to "1" in a serverless function environment optimizes resource usage, reduces costs, ensures connection stability, and enables seamless scalability.
maxIdle: 1, // max idle connections, the default value is the same as `connectionLimit`
enableKeepAlive: true,
});
}
export function getPool(): mysql.Pool {
if (!pool) {
pool = connect();
}
return pool;
}
Insert data
The following query creates a single Player
record and returns a ResultSetHeader
object:
const [rsh] = await pool.query('INSERT INTO players (coins, goods) VALUES (?, ?);', [100, 100]);
console.log(rsh.insertId);
For more information, refer to Insert data.
Query data
The following query returns a single Player
record by ID 1
:
const [rows] = await pool.query('SELECT id, coins, goods FROM players WHERE id = ?;', [1]);
console.log(rows[0]);
For more information, refer to Query data.
Update data
The following query adds 50
coins and 50
goods to the Player
with ID 1
:
const [rsh] = await pool.query(
'UPDATE players SET coins = coins + ?, goods = goods + ? WHERE id = ?;',
[50, 50, 1]
);
console.log(rsh.affectedRows);
For more information, refer to Update data.
Delete data
The following query deletes the Player
record with ID 1
:
const [rsh] = await pool.query('DELETE FROM players WHERE id = ?;', [1]);
console.log(rsh.affectedRows);
For more information, refer to Delete data.
Useful notes
- Using connection pools to manage database connections can reduce the performance overhead caused by frequently establishing and destroying connections.
- To avoid SQL injection, it is recommended to use prepared statements.
- In scenarios where there are not many complex SQL statements involved, using ORM frameworks like Sequelize, TypeORM, or Prisma can greatly improve development efficiency.
- For building a RESTful API for your application, it is recommended to use AWS Lambda with API Gateway.
- For designing high-performance applications using TiDB Cloud Serverless and AWS Lambda, refer to this blog.
Next steps
- For more details on how to use TiDB in AWS Lambda Function, see our TiDB-Lambda-integration/aws-lambda-bookstore Demo. You can also use AWS API Gateway to build a RESTful API for your application.
- Learn more usage of
mysql2
from the documentation ofmysql2
. - Learn more usage of AWS Lambda from the AWS developer guide of
Lambda
. - Learn the best practices for TiDB application development with the chapters in the Developer guide, such as Insert data, Update data, Delete data, Single table reading, Transactions, and SQL performance optimization.
- Learn through the professional TiDB developer courses and earn TiDB certifications after passing the exam.
Need help?
Ask questions on TiDB Community, or create a support ticket.